Passive Sentences in Spanish

Passive Sentences in Spanish

First we need to know what we mean when we say a "passive" sentence. "Passive" sentences can be understood best by contrasting them with "active" sentences. They can express the same idea, but in a different form. Let's take a look at the following two sentences:

John broke the window.
The window was broken by John.

In the first sentence, John is the subject. He is the one who does the breaking, the action which is expressed by the verb. In the second sentence, the window is the subject, but the window doesn't do the breaking. Notice that if we look back to the first sentence, the window was the direct object. It is what John broke. Now we can see a pattern. The direct object of the "active" sentence becomes the subject of the "passive" sentence. John, the doer of the action, who is the subject of the "active" sentence is expressed in the "passive" sentence by a prepositional phrase ("by" is a preposition). Some books refer to the "doer" of the action as the "agent".
In some "passive" sentences, the agent, or the "doer", isn't mentioned at all. For example, we could have a "passive" sentence such as this:

The window was broken last night

In this sentence we are telling when the action took place, but we aren't saying anything about who was responsible for doing it. This is a very important concept for us to keep in mind when we construct "passive" sentences in Spanish. We have to watch if the "doer" of the action is specified in the sentence. If the "doer" is not specified, we will not use the actual "passive" form of the sentence in Spanish. We will use another form, the "reflexive". You should remember these sentences. They are the ones where someone does something to himself. In this case, we would be saying that the window broke itself last night, rather than that the window was broken. We only use the true "passive" form if the "doer" of the action is specifically stated (or in some cases, "understood" by the listener, but we won't get into that complication in this lesson). Notice that it seems logical in English to say that someone washes himself, but it seems a little odd to the ear of someone who speaks English to say that the window broke itself. In Spanish we use reflexive sentences that are literally true, and also we use the reflexive form, in a symbolic way, to express "passive" ideas when the "doer" of the action isn't specified.

In the examples which we saw above, the subject of the "passive" sentence (which is the direct object of the "active" version of the sentence) is a thing. We can have people as the subject of "passive" sentences also. First, let's take a look at the following "active" sentence.

The teacher punished the girl.

In Spanish, this would be as follows:

La profesora castigó a la chica.

*IMPORTANT NOTE* You should remember that in Spanish, when a specific human being is the direct object of the verb, we use the preposition "a", although it would not really be translated as "to" in the English version of the sentence.

The "passive" version of this sentence would be:

The girl was punished by the teacher.

Again, remember that the teacher is the "doer" or as we say, the "agent" in this sentence. The girl, although in the "passive" sentence she is the subject, is not the person who is doing the action. She is NOT punishing someone. The TEACHER is punishing the GIRL.

Now, when we construct a "passive" sentence in Spanish we use the ver "ser", not the verb "estar". We'll talk more about that later. Notice that we are talking about an event which took place at a specific moment in the past so we are going to use the preterite past tense form of "ser". Also, the main verb of the "active" sentence is going to be used in the "passive" sentence as the participle. You should remember that this is the form of the verb which normally ends in "-do". However, look at what we have in the Spanish translation of this sentence:

La chica fue castigada por la profesora.

Notice that instead of "castigado", we have used "castigada". Why do you suppose that this happened? Let's look at another "passive" sentence. Study the following:

The boy was punished by the teacher.

In Spanish this would be:

El chico fue castigado por la profesora.

We can see that the "participle" (the "-do" form of the verb) will change to match the noun which it describes, which in a "passive" sentence is the subject. What would happen if we had a plural subject? Let's look at the next examples:

The boys were punished by the teacher.

In Spanish we would have the following translation.

Los chicos fueron castigados por la profesora.

We had to change the verb "fue" to the plural form "fueron" (from "he was" to "they were"), and we had to make the "participle" plural to match the subject of the "passive" sentence.

Now let's look at another "passive" sentence.

The girls were punished by the teacher.

In Spanish the translation would be:

Las chicas fueron castigadas por la profesora.

We have to keep in mind that in addition to the verb "ser" matching the subject, the "participle" must also match.

You should know how to express ideas in Spanish which in English are in the passive form. The two important things to keep in mind are:

Is the "doer" expressed in the passive sentence?
Are we speaking of people or things?

Remember, we only use the true passive construction in Spanish if the "doer" of the action is specified.

EXAMPLES:
(active) John broke the window.
Juan rompió la ventana.
(passive) The window was broken by John.
La ventana fue rota por Juan.
Notice that the form of the participle will match the item that has been affected.

EXAMPLES:
(active) John broke the windows.
Juan rompió las ventanas.
(passive) The windows were broken by John.
Las ventanas fueron rotas por Juan.

If no "doer" (in this case, John) is specified, instead of using the true passive construction, we use a reflexive sentence.

EXAMPLES:

The window was broken yesterday.
Se rompió la ventana ayer.
The windows were broken yesterday.
Se rompieron las ventanas ayer.
Notice that if we are speaking of more than one thing, we use a plural verb in the reflexive sentence.

If we are speaking of people, the situation is slightly different. For true passive sentences we follow the same pattern.

EXAMPLES:

(active)The firemen saved the victim.
Los bomberos salvaron a la víctima.
(passive) The victim was saved by the firemen.
La víctima fue salvada por los bomberos.
(active)The firemen saved the victims.
Los bomberos salvaron a las víctimas.
(passive) The victims were saved by the firemen.
Las víctimas fueron slavadas por los bomberos.

However, when we don't mention the "doer" and express the passive idea with a reflexive sentence, we do NOT match the verb to the people affected. Instead, we use the reflexive pronoun "se" as a kind of "indefinite subject" with a singular verb. It ends up meaning something like, "someone did it". Notice also that we use the preposition "a" to indicate the human direct object.

The victim was saved.
Se salvó a la víctima.
The victims were saved.
Se salvó a las víctimas.

It would be possible to use a normal reflexive construction also, but the meaning would be changed.

Se salvó la víctima.(without the preposition "a")
Se salvaron las víctimas.(plural verb and no preposition "a")

In these sentences, the idea is different. Instead of meaning that the victims were saved by somebody, they suggest that somehow the victims saved themselves, by their own effort.

I hope that these explanations are effective and that you have a clear idea of how we express "passive" sentences in Spanish. If you have any questions remaining after reading this tutorial, ask Mr. Lee.